Other hardware
Computer is the collection of physical parts of a computer system.
Apart from computer case, monitor, keyboard, mouse, printer etc.
It also includes all the parts inside the computer case, such as hard disk drive, motherboard, video cards and many others.
Computer hardware is what you can touch physically.
Motherboard
The motherboard is the main circuit of the computer.
It contains the central processing unit (CPU) the basic Input/output system (BIOS), memory, mass storage interfaces, serial and parallel ports, expansion slots, and all the controllers for standard peripheral devices like the keyboard, disk drive and display screen.
CPU
The central processing unit CPU is also called a processor is located inside the computer case on the motherboard.
It is sometimes called the brain of the computer, and its job is to carry out commands.
Whenever you press a key, click the mouse or start an application, you're sending the instructions to the cpu.
Processor
The CPU is generally a two inch ceramic square with a silicon chip located inside.
The chip is usually about the size of a thumbnail.
The CPU fits into the motherboard's CPU socket, which is covered by the heat sink, an object that absorbs heat from the CPU.
A processor's speed measured in megahertz (MHz), or millions of instructions per second , and gigahertz (GHz), billions of instructions per second.
A faster processor execute instructions more quickly.
However, the actual speed of the computer depends on the speed of many different components not just the processor.
And many other computer devices you know very well, some names are as under:
Ram (memory)
Rom, Hard Disk Drive (storage)
Power supply (electricity converter)
RAM (Random Access Memory)
RAM stands for Random Access Memory. It is the temporary memory of a computer. RAM is used to store data and instructions that the computer is currently using. When you open an application such as a web browser, music player, or game, the data needed to run that program is loaded into RAM.
Characteristics of RAM
Temporary (Volatile) Memory
RAM is volatile, which means it only stores data while the computer is turned on. When the computer is switched off or restarted, all data stored in RAM is erased.
Fast Access Speed
RAM is very fast compared to other storage devices like hard disks or SSDs. This speed allows the computer to quickly access data and perform tasks efficiently.
Direct Access
Any piece of data stored in RAM can be accessed directly and quickly, which is why it is called “random access” memory.
Importance of RAM
RAM helps the computer run smoothly.
More RAM allows you to open and use multiple applications at the same time.
Insufficient RAM can cause the computer to slow down or freeze.
Types of RAM
DRAM (Dynamic RAM) – Commonly used as main memory in computers.
SRAM (Static RAM) – Faster and more expensive; used in cache memory.
ROM (Read Only Memory)
ROM stands for Read Only Memory. It is a type of permanent memory that stores important instructions needed to start the computer. Unlike RAM, ROM does not lose its data when the computer is turned off.
Characteristics of ROM
Non-Volatile Memory
ROM retains its data even when there is no power supply.
Read-Only Nature
Data stored in ROM cannot be easily modified or deleted. It is usually written during manufacturing.
Stores Startup Instructions
ROM contains the basic instructions (firmware) required to boot the computer, such as BIOS or UEFI.
Importance of ROM
ROM helps the computer start up properly.
Without ROM, the computer would not know how to load the operating system.
It ensures that essential instructions are always available.
Types of ROM
PROM (Programmable ROM) – Can be programmed once.
EPROM (Erasable Programmable ROM) – Can be erased using ultraviolet light.
EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM) – Can be erased electrically and rewritten.
Power Supply
The Power Supply Unit (PSU) is the component that provides electrical power to all parts of the computer. Without a power supply, none of the internal components such as the motherboard, RAM, hard drive, or CPU can work.
Function of Power Supply
Converts Electricity
The power supply converts high-voltage alternating current (AC) from the wall outlet into low-voltage direct current (DC) that the computer components can safely use.
Distributes Power
It sends the required amount of power to different components through cables and connectors.
Protects Components
A good power supply protects the computer from power surges, voltage fluctuations, and overheating.
Types of Power Supplies
AT Power Supply – Older type, mostly obsolete.
ATX Power Supply – Commonly used in modern computers.
Modular Power Supply – Allows users to attach only the cables they need.
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